Click below on a thumbnail map or name for species profiles. California ephedra plant provided various benefits for. The board of trustees of the royal botanic gardens, kew. It can also be sown in spring in a greenhouse in a sandy compost. The species is dioecious individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any one plant so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required. As you can see, ephedra ma huang and sida cordifolia products now have either ephedrine alkaloids, dmaa 1,3 dimethylamylamine, pea phenylethylamine or just plain caffeine from. Botanically known as ephedra sinica, it is a perennial shrub that measures 4 feet high. Pdf chemical composition of various ephedra species.
The plants database includes the following 19 species of ephedra. Giklaseklase sa iucn ang espesye sa kinaminosang kalabotan. Ephedra altissima buch 1828, illegitimate homonym, not desf. Chemical composition of various ephedra species directory. The actual quantity may also differ considerably from that stated. Ephedra fragilis 1 ar en karlvaxtart som beskrevs av rene louiche desfontaines. You see, ephedra is still in the product but not the one with ephedrine alkaloids.
Apr 15, 2020 ephedra fragilis in world checklist of selected plant families. Ephedra ephedra sinica, also known as mahuang, is an herbal stimulant drug composed of two active compounds pseudoephedrine and ephedrine that are ingredients in many overthecounter products. L48 an upright or spreading shrub found on limestone hillsides, on bluffs, and in gravelly or stony upland soils. Ephedra fragilis ingar i slaktet efedravaxter, och familjen ephedraceae.
Ephedra contains several additional alkaloids that undergo analogous reductions to form amphetamine and n,ndimethylamphetamine also drugs of abuse. Pharmacology of ephedra alkaloids and caffeine after. The various species of ephedra are widespread in many lands, native to southwestern north america, southern europe, northern africa, southwest and central asia, northern china and western south america in temperate climates, most ephedra species grow on shores or in. The record derives from wcsp data supplied on 20120323 which reports it as an accepted name record 332930 with original publication details. Ephedrinetype alkaloid content of nutritional supplements containing ephedra sinica mahuang as determined by high performance liquid chromatography b. The ephedra plant has been identified as an excellent source of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, both of which can be chemically reduced to form the widely abused illicit drug methamphetamine.
Some asian species have been used as a source of the stimulant ephedrine, and many are important in herbal medicine. With passage of the 1994 dietary supplement health and education act, nutritional supplements are no longer subject to the same fda. Nov 19, 2014 you see, ephedra is still in the product but not the one with ephedrine alkaloids. The aim of this study was to measure the total alkaloids content tac, total phenolics content tpc, and total flavonoids content tfc and determine their. Ephedrinetype alkaloid content of nutritional supplements. Ephedra commonly known as joint pine, joint fir, mormon tea or brigham tea is the only genus in family ephedraceae and order ephedrales. Ephedra contains the alkaloids ephedrine, pseudoephedrine isoephedrine, norpseudoephedrine cathine, norephedrine, methylephedrine, methylpseudoephedrine 8, tannins 9, and other constituents, including quinoline and 6hydroxykynurenic acid 10. Ephedra is inherent to china, pakistan and northwestern india. The aim of this study was to measure the total alkaloids content tac, total phenolics content tpc, and total flavonoids content tfc and determine their relationship in dry herb of ephedra major, ephedra distachya subsp.
Ephedra fragilis, commonly named the joint pine, is a species of ephedra that is native to eastern mediterranean region of southern europe and northern africa, and from madeira and the canary islands in the atlantic its habitats are rocky hills and stone walls, where it grows to 6 feet 1. The plant list includes a further 79 scientific plant names of infraspecific rank for the genus ephedra. Ephedrine is a natural product of the ephedra plant ephedra sinica, and is a mixedacting, noncatecholamine sympathomimetic with both direct and. Media in category ephedra fragilis the following 30 files are in this category, out of 30 total. Ephedra is also called chinese ephedra, ma huang and herbal ecstasy. Plants of the ephedra family the ephedras produce naked seeds like the pines, but they form on a colored, cuplike structure called a perianth. Ephedra products contain ephedra haulm or extracts of ephedra haulm and their ephedra alkaloid content differs widely. There are 65 species in the genus ephedra, 30 or more in gnetum. Artist barrie gledden, ryan spendlove, steve dymond, jason pedder. Ephedra species ephedra fragilis name synonyms ephedra fragilis subsp.
Members of this genus contain various medicinally active alkaloids but notably ephedrine and they are widely used in preparations for the treatment of asthma and catarrh. Pharmacology of ephedra alkaloids and caffeine after singledose dietary supplement use. There are 65 species in the genus ephedra, 30 or more in gnetum, but only one in welwitschia. Each plant profile in the database contains nomenclature info, botanical data, plant description, large, highresolution pictures, images and photos of the plants and its parts, detailed information such as uses, history, habitat, and medicinal properties, ph properties. One famous species, ephedra sinica, is the source for the chinese supplement ma huang. These species grow in dry climate over wide areas of the northern hemisphere including north america,europe, north africa, and south west and central asia. Ang ephedra fragilis sakop sa kahenera nga ephedra sa kabanay nga ephedraceae. Ephedra regeliana in world checklist of selected plant families. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Espesye sa tanom sakop sa kaulo nga tracheophyta, ug nga gihulagway ni rene louiche desfontaines ang ephedra fragilis.
The medicinal significance of ephedra is based on the sympathomimetic properties of ephedrine e alkaloids. Each plant profile in the database contains nomenclature info, botanical data, plant description, large, highresolution pictures, images and photos of the plants and its parts, detailed information such as. Ephedra ephedra sinica plant profiler sigmaaldrich. Gardner contribution from departments of pharmaceutics and pharmacy practice, college of pharmacy, university of arkansas for medical sciences, 4301 west markham street. Ephedra containing supplements are banned for sale in the united. It could be found in rocky mountains and deserts but thrives well in arid and semiarid climates. A new species of ephedra ephedraceae, ephedrales from india.
Ephedra is an evolutionally isolated group and is the only genus in the order ephedrales. This is the profile for the plant ephedra fragilis jointpine efedra. Pharmacology of ephedra alkaloids and caffeine after single. Ephedra funerea death valley jointfir ephedra gerardiana gerard jointfir ephedra. Plant database lady bird johnson wildflower center. The ephedrine concentration in ephedra species is variable. The ephedrine stacker, also known as the eca stack ephedra, caffeine, aspirin, was the most popular ephedra supplement used within the sports and bodybuilding community. Look at the graph below to see what actually is going on with ephedra products. Ephedra fragilis in kew science plants of the world online. Jun 17, 2019 ephedra chilensis pdf ephedra is a genus of gymnosperm shrubs, the only genus in its family, ephedraceae, and ephedra chilensis chile, argentina. Ephedra regeliana in kew science plants of the world online. Lady bird johnson wildflower center focused on protecting and preserving north americas native plants through native plant lists and image galleries, conservation, education, natural landscapes, seed collection millennium seed bank msb project, preserving and restoring native communities, spreading awareness on invasive species and gardening to attract wildlife. Ephedra is the common name for three principal species.
Pharmacological effects depend on the phytocomposition of individual ephedra species. The aim of this study was to measure the total alkaloids content tac, total phenolics content tpc, and total flavonoids content tfc and determine their relationship in dry herb of ephedra major. Ephedra fragilis in world checklist of selected plant families. The fda regulates ephedrine, the synthesized form of ephedra.
Ephedra and ephedrine alkaloids for weight loss and. Ephedra fragilis moris, 1828 ephedra fragilis lowe bibliographic references. Ephedra sinica, ephedra equisentina, and ephedra intermedia. Ephedra californica and ephedra viridis contain pseudoephedrine, but no ephedrine adams jr. Gnetophyte, any member of the division gnetophyta, a small group of gymnospermous vascular plants that are represented by three living genera. Ebert, in pharmacology and physiology for anesthesia second edition, 2019. Ephedra compacta rose widespread in much of mexico. Ephedra is a genus of gymnosperm shrubs, the only genus in its family, ephedraceae, and order, ephedrales. Some asian species have been used as a source of the stimulant ephedrine, and many are important in. Ephedra fragilis is an evergreen shrub growing to 1. Ephedra and ephedrine alkaloids for weight loss and athletic. The text of this page is licensed under the creative commons attribution license version 3. Ephedrine alkaloids are chemical compounds structurally related to amphetamines, found in the stems and leaves of ephedra sinica together with tannins and other constituents.
The various species of ephedra are widespread in many lands, native to southwestern north america, southern europe, northern africa, southwest and central asia, northern china and western south america. Ephedra, genus of 65 species of gymnosperm shrubs of the family ephedraceae. When it comes to ephedra, the alkaloids of ephedrine in the plant matter are in its natural free base form, and is soluble in most solvents. Apr 16, 2020 ephedra regeliana in world checklist of selected plant families. So far swip has found out that the best way to extract the alkaloids from the plat matter is either of the following. Because of adverse events and lack of efficacy, use is not recommended for weight loss or increased athletic performance.
Crece sobre suelos ricos en cal, secos y uy soleados. Ephedra is a genus of gymnosperm shrubs, the only genus in the family ephedraceae and order ephedrales. Scientific assessment of ephedra species ephedra spp. Aug 05, 2019 the whole ephedra sinica plant has traditionally been used to treat symptoms of bronchial asthma, colds, influenza, allergies, and hives in teas or tinctures. May 12, 2011 deep healing energy 528hz ancient frequency sound healing session zen meditation duration. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Seed best sown as soon as it is ripe in the autumn in a greenhouse. This page was last edited on 9 december 2014, at 03. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. Seu uso medicinal esta documentado desde ha cinco mil anos na china, onde esta erva e conhecida pelo nome ma huang. Ars germplasm resources information network epfr2 wildlife. Ephedra ephedra californicaover 50 species of ephedra, or joint fir, can be found growing all around the world. Pdf a new species of ephedra ephedraceae, ephedrales from. Ephedrine can be produced by chemical synthesis and in its pure form.
This ephedra extract has been a part of traditional chinese medicine for over 2,000 years in fact, ephedra is one of the oldest plants to be used medicinally by early humans. Dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids from herbal sources ephedra are brought to the attention of the cswg as part of an ongoing national institutes of health nih office of dietary supplements ods research initiative on the safety and efficacy of these products. Efedra fragile dipartimento di scienze della vita, universita di trieste progetto dryades picture by andrea moro vienna, centro cittadino, hortus botanicus vindobonensis, orto botanico delluniversita di vienna. The plant list includes 157 scientific plant names of species rank for the genus ephedra. Ephedrine is one of the most commonly used noncatecholamine sympathomimetic drugs in the perioperative period. Thus it superficially appears that these plants are an evolutionary link between the conifers and the true flowering plants. Abstract 0 nutritional supplements containing ephedra sinica mahuang, a botanical source of ephedrinetype alkaloids, have been linked to numerous episodes of ephedrine eph toxicity. Where is the real ephedra with ephedrine alkaloids. When ephedrine and caffeine are stacked together it causes a ramp up of a users metabolism and creates a thermogenic environment the ultimate fat burning environment. Deep healing energy 528hz ancient frequency sound healing session zen meditation duration. These plants occur in dry climates over a wide area mainly in the northern hemisphere, across southern europe, north africa, southwest and central asia, southwestern north america, and, in the southern hemisphere, in south america south to patagonia.
Ephedra antisyphilitica ephedra antisyphilitica berl. Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, methylephedrine and methylpseudoephedrine represent up to 2. Mormon tea, jointfir, clapweed, popote ephedraceae mormontea family synonyms. We do not intend the plant list to be complete for names of infraspecific rank.
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